Main course subjects to be
covered:
-
Water
- Origin of water
- Natural Isotope of Hydrogen and Oxygen
- Physical properties of water
- Global Water Reservoirs and Fluxes
- Hydrologic Cycle, Residence time
- Chemistry of natural waters
- Chemistry of Rainwater
- Chemistry of Rivers
- Chemistry of Lakes
- Chemistry of Sea Water
- Chemistry of Unnatural waters: Pollution
- Chemistry of Groundwater
- Groundwater as a Resource and Groundwater Contamination
- Controls of the Composition of Subsurface-waters
- Nonmeteoric Types of Water
- Precipitation Chemistry and Acid Rain
- The pH of rain due to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
- The General composition of Precipitation
- Acid rain
- Trace elements in Rain
- The importance of Defining Background water quality
- The Human factor
- Irrigation
- Wetland Drainage
- Ground cover damage
- Deforestation
- Interbasin Diversion
- Streamflow Management
- Land Use Changes
Reading: Chapter 1 (James I. Derver) and handout
2. Using Stable Isotopes:
-
BASIC CONCEPTS
-
Atomic structure, Periodic Table of the Elements &
Structure of the Atomic Nucleus
-
Stable and Radioactive Isotopes
-
What is isotope?
-
Isotope effects
-
Isotope fractionation
-
Equilibrium fractionation
-
Isotopic composition:
-
Fractionation factor and its relation to temperature
-
Isotope standards
-
Kinetic fractionation
-
Variation of isotopic composition with chemical composition
and crystal structure
-
Isotopes of interest
-
STABLE ISOTOPES IN NATURAL WATERS
-
Meteoric water: (oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition
of meteoric water, Rayleigh fractionation, Meteoric water line)
-
Groundwater, River and lake water
-
Stable isotopes as hydrological tracers (groundwater
recharge, mixing & flow path)
-
Application of isotopes to study salinization
-
Application of isotopes to study lake and reservoir’s
water budget
-
Isotopes in ice cores and paleoclimate
-
Sea water
-
Isotope fractionation between water and vapor as a function
of salt content
-
Application of isotopes to study the origin of deep
ocean waters
-
Isotope composition of the paleo-ocean water
-
ISOTOPE GEOTHERMOMETER
-
Oxygen and hydrogen in isotope in Lithosphere
-
ISOTOPE IN PLANTS AND SOILS
-
Isotope fractionation during photosynthesis
-
Isotope and diet
-
Isotope in tree rings as paleoclimate indicators
-
Isotope in soil organic matter, soil CO2 & soil
carbonates as ecological & climatic indicators
-
Tracing the source of nitrate in groundwater
-
Tracing the source in SO2 in the atmosphere
-
LABORATORY: METHODS IN STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSES
Reading: Chapter 14, (James I. Derver), and Handout
3. Radiogenic Isotopes:
Reading , Faure and Handout 4. Chemical Equilibrium, Rate and
Natural Systems:
-
Thermodynamics
- Systems at Equilibrium: Thermodynamics
- Measure of Spontaneity, Keq
- Measure of disequilibrium
- Activity-concentration relationships
- Transport advection and diffusion
Reading: Chapter 2, (James I. Derver) and handout
5. The Carbonate System and pH control:
-
Carbonic Acid System
-
Alkalinity and Titration Curves
-
Alkalinity Titration
-
Gran Plots
-
Calcium Carbonate Solubility
-
Dolomite
-
High-Magnesium Calcite
-
Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrain
Reading: Chapter 3, (James I. Derver) and handout
6. Clays Minerals and the environment:
- The Geochemistry of Clay Minerals
- Clay Minerals and Cation Exchange
- Mineralogy and
- Brucite [Mg(OH),] and Gibbsite [AI(OH)3
- Kaolinite and Related Minerals
- 2:1 Clay Minerals
- Chlorite
- Mixed-Layer Clays
- Sepiolite and Palygorskite
- Colloid Properties
- The Double Layer
- Membrane Filtration
- lon Exchange
Reading: Chapter 4, (James I. Derver)
7. Chemical Weathering: Dissolution, Redox
Processes and Water Chemistry:
- Fundamental Solubility Equilibria
- Silica Solubility
- Solubility of Magnesian Silicates
- Solubility of Gibbsite
- Solubility of Aluminosilicate Minerals
- Rivers as Weathering Indicators
- Agents of Weathering
- Carbon Dioxide and Organic Acids
- Oxidation-Reduction Processes
- Thermodynamic Conventions for Redox Systems
- Eh-pH Diagrams
- Redox Systems Containing Carbon Dioxide
- Activity-Activity Relationships:
Reading: Chapter 12, (James I. Derver) and handout
8. The Oceans and Atmosphere as a Geochemical System
- Ocean Circulation
- Density Stratification in the Ocean
- Surface Currents
- Thermocline Circulation
- Abyssal Circulation
- Biological Processes
- The RKR Model
- Factors Affecting the Rate of Plankton Productivity
- The Geographic Distribution of Primary Productivity
- Oceanic Reservoirs of Organic Carbon
- An Oceanic Budget for Organic Carbon
- Organic Carbon Pathways in the Ocean
- Forms of Organic Matter in Seawater
- Chemistry of the Ocean
- Residence Time
- Composition of Seawater
- Equilibrium Models of Seawater
- Kinetic Models of Seawater
- The Atmosphere
- Definition
- The Vertical Structure Of the Atmosphere
- Hydrostatic Equation
- Scale Height
- Vertical Motions, Relative Humidity, and Clouds
- The Ozone Layer and the Stratosphere
Reading: Handout
9. Geochemical Cycles and Global Change
- Ceochemical Cycles
- The Principle of Mass Balance
- Mass Balance for Major Elements in the Ocean
- Mass Balance for Trace Elements in the Ocean
- The Global Carbon Cycle
- The isotopes of Carbon
- The Major Reservoirs of Carbon
- The Atmosphere
- The Hydrosphere
- The Terrestrial Biosphere
- The Lithosphere
- Fluxes of Carbon between Reservoirs
- Models of the Carbon Cycle
- Trends in the Carbon Cycle
- The Nitrogen Cycle
- Introduction
- Chemistry
- Biological Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds
- Abiotic Processes
- Homogeneous Gas Phase Reactions
- Heterogeneous Reactions
- The Global Nitrogen Cycle
- Nitrogen inventories
- Fluxes of Nitrogen
- Anthropogenic Perturbations
- The Sulfur Cycle
Reading: Handout
10. Modeling Geochemical Cycles
- Introduction
- Reservoir Models and Cycles
- Time-Scales and Single Reservoir Systems
- Turnover Time
- Resident Time
- Age
- Response time
- Response in Non-Steady-state
Reading: Handout
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