A number of Carleton College students have been part of my research group. Their names, the dates they were involved in aerosol research in my group, and photos are shown here. 

June 2007 - present	Nick Brown ('08) Claire Liepmann ('09) Juan Medrano ('09)		This is a picture of Claire, Juan, and Nick (from left to right) with "Gromit" in the lab at Carleton College.
Sept. 2005 - Aug. 2006	Katie Barton ('07)* John Choiniere ('07)* *during academic year		Deborah was on sabbatical at the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry at the Paul Scherrer Insititue, in Villigen Switzerland from Sept. 2005 - Jan. 2006. From February 2006 - Aug. 2006 she was on sabbatical in Peter McMurry's lab in the Particle Technology Laboratory in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Minnesota.
June 2005 - Sept. 2005:	Andy Ault ('05) Melanie Yuen ('06) Katie Barton ('07) John Choiniere ('07)		This is a picture of Katie, John, Melanie and Andy (from left to right) aligning one of the diode lasers on our ATOFMS instrument ("Gromit") in the lab at Carleton College.
June 2004 - June 2005:	Lexie Schmitt ('04) Andy Ault ('05) Melaine Yuen ('06)		This is a picture of Andy, Lexie, and Melanie (from left to right) with our group's ATOFMS instrument "Gromit" in the lab at Carleton College.
June 2003 - June 2004:	Lexie Schmitt ('04) Renee Frontiera ('04) Margie Mattmann ('05)		This is a picture of Margie, Renee, and Lexie (from left to right) with our group's ATOFMS instrument "Gromit" in the lab at Carleton College.
June 2002 - June 2003:	Amy Silverberg ('02) Lexie Schmitt ('04)		This is a picture of Lexie (left) and Amy (right) working with our group's ATOFMS instrument "Gromit", in Atlanta, August 2002. This work was part of the ANARChE study.
June 2001 - June 2002:	Bill Galush ('02) Amy Silverberg ('02)		This is a picture of Bill (left) and Amy (right) working with the chemistry department's ion-trap mass spectrometer.
June 2000 - June 2001:	Julia Jarvis ('01) Ellen Sukovich ('01)		This is a picture of Ellen (left) and Julia (right) at the Caldecott Tunnel, August 2000.
June 1999 - June 2000:	Alex Barron ('00) Ben Warren ('00)		This is a picture of Alex (left)and Ben (right) at the Atlanta SuperSite, August 1999.

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Research in my lab focuses on understanding the properties of aerosol particles in the troposphere. Specifically, we are interested in these factors:

We are interested in understanding these aerosol properties on the level of the individual particle, in order to gain a more detailed understanding of the variability of aerosol pollution in the ambient troposphere. Much of our work has been done in collaboration with Professor Kimberly Prather at the University of California, Riverside, who developed the Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS), a transportable instrument capable of measuring size and chemical composition of individual aerosol particles. We have been lucky enough to work with these instruments in the summers of 1999 and 2000.

Since 1999, research in my group has been carried out at Carleton College, at an E.P.A. SuperSite in Atlanta, GA, and in the Caldecott Tunnel in Berkeley, CA. In each of these sites, we have been working with individual aerosol particle data. Brief descriptions and links to relevant sites are given below.

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Research in my group has been carried out in a number of locations in addition to the ongoing work we do here at Carleton. Brief information about the two field studies we've participated in is given here. More information will follow, eventually.

SOS  SuperSite in Atlanta, GA Summer 1999	We were in Atlanta from late July through the middle of August, for the setup and first half of this "SuperSite" experiment. This site included an amazing array of aerosol measurement, pretty much if you can imagine it, it was there. Our data is giving us insight into the sources of aerosol pollution in Atlanta, as well as the changes these particles undergo in the atmosphere due to chemical reactions.
Caldecott Tunnel Study Berkeley, CA Summer 2000	We spent 2.5 weeks in the Caldecott Tunnel in Berkeley, measuring the emissions from the vehicles travelling through it. This is truly one of the best tunnels one could imagine for measuring vehicle emissions, due to the combination of: the traffic patterns in the tunnel which segregate large trucks into only one of two eastbound bores, making it possible to discern the difference between emissions from heavy-duty vehicles (large diesel trucks) and light-duty vehicles (cars) the incredibly cooperative CalTrans employees who work at the tunnel the terrific location, in the beautiful Bay Area, right at the eastern edge of Berkeley, CA. The eventual goal is to understand the similarities and differences between the emissions from HDV and LDV, under real-world operating conditions. Watch a QuickTime movie about this research project.
Diesel Engine Measurements at the Engine Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison, WI Spring, 2002	For a few weeks in Spring, 2002, Carleton's ATOFMS instrument, Gromit, made measurements in Madison, WI, in collaboration with Jamie Schauer's and David Foster's groups. In addition to measurements of diesel exhaust particles from a research diesel engine, a variety of source characterization experiments were also carried out.
Atlanta - Aerosol Nucleation and Real-time Characterization Experiment (ANARChE), 2002 Atlanta, GA Summer 2002	During summer 2002, we spent 6 weeks in Atlanta, working with two experiemnts using ATOFMS instruments: Gromit, Carleton's own instrument, monitored the size and chemical composition of ambient aerosol particles from ~0.2 mm to 3 mm continuously from July 23 - August 30, 2002. Wallace, the University of Minnesota instrument (in Pete McMurry's lab, funded by a grant to McMurry, Mike Zachariah of the U of Mn, and Deborah Gross) sampled ambient aerosol that had been preclassified by a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (TDMA) and/or an Aerosol Particle Mass Monitor (APM). Both of these instruments are from Pete McMurry's lab. Hygroscopicity and volatility experiments were carried out in the TDMA. The goal of the experiment is to understand the chemical composition of particles which have different, and known, hygroscopicity, volatility, and mass.
Mercury Roadshow 1 Southern Colorado and Yellowstone National Park Summer 2003	During summer 2003, we worked with Jamie Schauer's group at UW-Madison and with researchers from the US Geological Survey in Middleton, WI, to characterize the ambient aerosol along side real-time speciated mercury measurements. We hope to understand the composition changes of the ambient aerosol as correlated with changes in concentration of mercury species.
Mercury Roadshow 2 East St. Louis Winter 2003 - 2004	During winter 2003 - 2004, we deployed the ATOFMS, again along side Jamie Schauer's group and the USGS, at the Supersite faciltiy in East St. Louis (run by Jay Turner from Washington University). Again, we are looking for interesting trends in the ambient aerosol composition, and are comparing to other real time measurements, including speciated mercury.
Research at Carleton College Norhtfield, MN Ongoing	When we are not in the field, my research group spends its time analyzing the data collected during field measurement campaigns. This is a very time-consuming task, as each study generates many gigabytes of data from the ATOFMS instrument. Aditional data on aerosol properties (size distributions, total mass, etc.) are also acquired, so there are many variables to correlate. We are actively working with computer scientists at Carleton and at UW-Madison to develop data mining software for atmospheric data sets, including the ATOFMS data.
Mercury Roadshow 3 Mt. Horeb, WI Summer 2004	During August of 2004, we operated the ATOFMS alongside Jamie Schauer's group and the USGS group in Mt. Horeb, WI. This time, we were located on the property of Mark Olson, one of the USGS scientists. Gromit was run in an old dairybarn.
MS-ChAOS and Smog Chamber Experiments PSI, Villigen Switzerland October 2005 - January 2006	During the first half of the 2005-2006 academic year, Gromit travelled to Switzerland! Gromit was operated at the smog chamber in the Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland. We studied the secondary organic aerosol produced from the photo-oxidation of volatile organic carbon precursors under a variety of conditions. For some experiments, we were part of a large group of visitors, and many instruments were deployed on the chamber. In other cases, we worked with the students and staff at PSI.
AEROWOOD Roveredo, Switzerland November - December, 2005	While in Switzlerand, Gromit and I participated in the Winter 2005 version of the AEROWOOD study -- a study designed to determine the relative contribution of woodsmoke and vehicle emissions to pollution in various regions of Switzerland. The Roveredo measurements in wintertime take advantage of the strong inversions that are set up in the narrow valley in which Roveredo is located -- the emissions from many woodstoves and the vehicles driving through the valley are essentially trapped all day. Many research groups were participating in this PSI-led study.
Biomass Combustion Studies University of Minnesota February - August, 2006	After returning to the US, Gromit and I moved in at the University of Minnesota, where we participated in a variety of measurements campaigns, all of which focus on biofuels of one kind or another: Measurements of emissions from wood and corn burning stoves Measurements of emissions from a diesel engine running fuel mixtures of diesel/biodiesel Measurements of emissions from a spark-ignition engine running fuel mixtures of gasoline/ethanol Measurements of emissions from meat cooking (to be done during Fall, 2006)

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Publications:

• Anderson, B. J.; Gross, D. S.; Musicant, D. R.; Ritz, A. R.; Smith, T. G.; Steinberg, L. E. “Adapting K-Medians to Generate Normalized Cluster Centers.” Proceedings of the Sixth SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Joydeep Ghosh, Diane Lambert, David Skillcorn, Jaideep Srivastava, editors, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Bethesda, MD, 2006, 165-175.
• Hall, B. D.; Olson, M. L.; Rutter, A. P.; Frontiera, R. R.; Krabbenhoft, D. P.; Gross, D.S.; Yuen, M.; Rudolph, T.M.; Schauer, J. J. “Atmospheric mercury speciation in Yellowstone National Park,” Sci. Total Environ., 2006, in press, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.12.007
• Gross, D. S.; Gälli, M. E.; Kalberer, M; Prevot, A. S. H.; Dommen, J.; Alfarra, M. R.; Duplissy, J.; Gaeggeler, K., Gascho, A.; Metzger, A.; Baltensperger, U. “Real-Time Measurement of Oligomeric Species in Secondary Organic Aerosol with the Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer” Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 2130 – 2137 doi: 10.1021/ac060138l
• Gross, D. S ., Barron, A. R , Warren, B. S ., Sukovich, E. M ., Jarvis, J. C ., Suess, D. T., Prather, K. A. “Stability of Single Particle Tracers for Differentiating Between Heavy- and Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions”, Atmospheric Environment , 2005 , 39 , 2889.
• Huang, Z., Chen, L., Cai, J.-Y., Gross, D. S., Musicant D. R., Ramakrishnan, R., Schauer, J. J., Wright, S. J. “Mass Spectrum Labeling: Theory and Practice”, Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining , IEEE Press, 2004, 122-129 .
• Ramakrishnan, R., Schauer, J. J., Chen, L., Huang, Z., Shafer, M. M., Gross, D. S., Musicant, D. R. “The EDAM Project: Mining Atmospheric Datasets”, International Journal of Intelligent Systems , 2005 , 20 , 759 - 787.
• Okada, S., Kweon, C.-B., Stetter, J. C., Foster, D. E., Shafer, M. M., Christensen, C. G., Schauer, J. J., Schmitt, A. M. , Silverberg, A. M. , Gross, D. S., “ Measurement of Trace Metal Composition in Diesel Engine Particulate and its Potential for Determining Oil Consumption: ICPMS and ATOFMS Measurements”, Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Papers Series 2003, Number 2003-01-0076.

Conference Presentations:
This is a list of presentations given by members of my research group about the results they have obtained from their analyses of ATOFMS data from the studies above.

• Gross, D. S.* “EnChilADA: The development of an integrated atmospheric data mining application.” Oral Presentation, November 2005, European On-line Particle Mass Spectrometry Workshop, Ispra, Italy.
• Ault, A.P. *, Yuen, M. , Frontiera, R. , Schmitt, A. M. , Olson, M., Hall, B. D., Schauer, J. J., Gross, D. S. “Trends in 0.2-3µm ambient particles and their relationship to atmospheric mercury” Poster Presentation, March 2005, American Chemical Society National Meeting, San Diego, CA.
• Yuen, M. *, Ault, A.P. , Gross, D. S. , Anderson, B. , Ritz, A. , Musicant, D. R., Schauer, J. J., Chen, L., Chen, B.-C., Ramakrishnan, R. “ Analysis of complex real-time atmospheric data sets: A data mining approach ” Poster Presentation, March 2005, American Chemical Society National Meeting, San Diego, CA.
• Schmitt, A. M.*; Gross, D. S., Shafer, M. M., Rudolph, T. M., Schauer, J. J., Olson, M., Krabbenhoft, D. “The Effects Of Particle Matrix On Single-Particle Mass Spectra Of Mercury And Metal Containing Particles,” Poster presentation, October 2003, American Association for Aerosol Research Conference, Anaheim, CA.
• Frontiera, R.*, Mattmann, M., Schmitt, A. M., Gross, D. S., Edgerton, E. “Long Term Trends And Short Term Spikes In 0.2 – 3 Micrometer Particles During ANARChE 2002,” Poster presentation, October 2003, American Association for Aerosol Research Conference, Anaheim, CA.
• Gross, D. S.*, Schmitt, A. M., Silverberg, A. M., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M., Foster, D. E., Kweon, C.-B., Okada, S. “Diesel Engine Emissions as a Function of Engine Operating Conditions, A Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry Study,” Poster presentation, June 2003, 51st Annual ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Montreal, Canada.
• Gross, D. S.; Schmitt, A. M.*; Silverberg, A. M.; Okada, S.; Kweon, C. B.; Stetter, J. C.; Shafer, M. M.; Christensen, C. G.; Foster, D. E.; Schauer, J. J.; “Single particle analysis of diesel particulate matter: A comparison of real-time and integrated measurements” Poster Presentation, March 2003, American Chemical Society National Meeting, New Orleans, LA.
• Kweon, C.-B.; Okada, S.; Foster, D.; Christenson, C. G.; Shafter, M.; Schauer, J. J.; Schmitt, A. M.; Silverberg, A. M.; Gross, D. S.* “Single Particle Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis ofDiesel Particulate Matter: Effect of Engine Operating Conditions,” Oral presentation, October, 2002, American Association for Aerosol Research Conference, Charlotte, NC.
• Gälli, M. E.; Holm, R.; Dutcher, D. D.; Zachariah, M. R.; McMurry, P. H.; Schmitt, A.M.; Silverberg, A. M.; Gross, D. S.* “Integration Of An Aerodynamic Lens System With TSI's Aerosol Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (Model 3800 ATOFMS),” Poster presentation, October 2002, American Association for Aerosol Research Conference, Charlotte, NC.
• Galush, W. J.; Silverberg, A. M.; Gross, D. S."Mass Spectrometry of Individual Aerosol Particles: Correcting Size Bias within ATOFMS Data" Poster presented at the 34th American Chemical Society Great Lakes Regional Meeting, Minneapolis, MN (6/2002).
• Galush, W. J.; Jarvis, J. C.; Silverberg, A. M.; Sukovich, E. M.; Gross, D. S. "Analysis of Individual Vehicle Emissions Particles with Real-Time Mass Spectrometry, " Oral presentation at the 34th American Chemical Society Great Lakes Regional Meeting, Minneapolis, MN (6/2002).
• Gross, D. S.; Jarvis, J. C.; Sukovich, E. M.; Galush, W. J.; Silverberg, A. M.; Suess, D. T.; Prather, K. A. "Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in a Road Tunnel: Correlations Between Single-Particle and Traditional Measurements" Poster presented at the American Society for Mass Spectrometry Asilomar Conference, Asilomar, CA (10/2001).
• Galush, W. J.; Silverberg, A. S.; Gross, D. S. "Analysis of Individual Particles Emitted by On-Road Traffic: Chemical Markers for Gasoline versus Diesel Vehicles," Poster presented at the Midwest Environmental Chemistry Workshop, Minneapolis, MN (10/2001).
• Jarvis, J.C.; Sukovich, E.M.; Suess, D.T.; Prather, K.A.; Gross, D.S. "Relationship Between Size Distribution and Individual Particle Composition from Individual Particles Sampled in a Road Tunnel," Poster presented at the 49th Annual ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Chicago (5/2001)
• Sukovich, E.M.; Jarvis, J.C.; Suess, D.T.; Prather, K.A.; Gross, D.S. "Identification of Marker Ions from Emissions of Gasoline and Diesel Fueled Vehicles by Single Particle Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry," Poster presented at the 49th Annual ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Chicago (5/2001)
• Gross, D. S., Barron, A. R., Warren, B. S., Jarvis, J. C., Sukovich, E. M., Prather, K. A. "Vehicle Emissions Markers in Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles," Invited oral presentation at the Federation of Analytical and Spectroscopy Societies Annual Meeting in Nashville, TN (9/2000).
• Warren, B. S., Barron, A. R., Gross, D. S., Liu, D. Y., Wenzel, R. J, Prather, K. A. "Real-Time Single Particle Information Using the Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer at the Southern Center for the Integrated Study of Secondary Air Pollutants (SCISSAP) Atlanta SuperSite (1999)," Poster presented at the American Chemical Society National Meeting in San Francisco (3/2000)
• Barron, A. R., Warren, B. S., Gross, D. S., Liu, D. Y., Wenzel, R. J, Prather, K. A. "Real-Time Single Particle Information Using the Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer at the Southern Center for the Integrated Study of Secondary Air Pollutants (SCISSAP) Atlanta SuperSite (1999)," Poster presented at the American Geophysical Union National Meeting in San Francisco (12/1999)

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